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Sains Malaysiana 55(1)(2026): 77-92
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5501-06
LEONG YU PEI, SAIFUL IRWAN
ZUBAIRI*, RUTH NOAMI MANUEL & ZALIFAH MOHD KASIM
Department of Food
Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 18 November 2024/Diterima: 10 Julai 2025
Abstract
The demand for bioactive compounds derived from plants has been steadily increasing. Alongside traditional solid-liquid extraction, ultrasonic extraction has emerged as a technique to enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds. Guarana seeds grown in Malaysia may exhibit distinct nutrient profiles compared to those from other regions due to environmental factors such as location, temperature, and climate. This study aims to determine the exhaustive extraction time for conventional and ultrasonic methods by evaluating the total phenolic content of guarana seeds using Peleg's mathematical model and Solver. Additionally, proximate analysis, heavy metal analysis (via ICP-MS), and caffeine content determination (via HPLC) were performed. The results indicate that ultrasonic extraction significantly reduced extraction time (1.30 ± 0.027 h) compared to conventional extraction (35.07 ± 8.036 h) (p<0.05). Although this shorter extraction time enhances processing efficiency, it was associated with slightly lower yields of certain bioactive compounds such as caffeine. However, shorter extraction times resulted in a lower reaction rate and reduced yield. Proximate analysis showed that guarana seed extract is a poor source of protein (0.6%) but contains high moisture content (97.9%). The extract also showed low levels of ash (<0.1%), fat (<0.1%), and carbohydrates (1.5%). ICP-MS analysis confirmed that the concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and antimony (Sb), were within the safe limits set by the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) (1 mg/kg for As, 2 mg/kg for Pb, 0.05 mg/kg for Hg, 1 mg/kg for Cd, and 1 mg/kg for Sb). Specifically, conventional extraction yielded 0.456 mg/kg As, 0.046 mg/kg Pb, 0.043 mg/kg Hg, 0.010 mg/kg Cd, and 0.005 mg/kg Sb, while ultrasonic extraction yielded 0.369 mg/kg As, 0.026 mg/kg Pb, 0.022 mg/kg Hg, 0.006 mg/kg Cd, and 0.003 mg/kg Sb. Caffeine content was 23% higher in extracts obtained using the conventional method (4.75 ± 0.001%, w/w) compared to ultrasonic extraction (3.65 ± 0.002%, w/w) (p<0.05) in powdery dried seed. Despite this, ultrasonic extraction was identified as the more efficient method due to its shorter extraction time and sufficient yield of bioactive compounds, supporting its use for future guarana-based applications. Overall, guarana seeds are a safe and nutrient-rich source with potential applications in the food industry for the commercial development of guarana-based products. Keywords: Caffeine; guarana; maceration;
Peleg model; proximate analysis; ultrasonic extraction
Abstrak
Permintaan terhadap sebatian bioaktif
yang diperoleh daripada tumbuhan semakin meningkat. Selain kaedah pengekstrakan
pepejal-cecair tradisional, pengekstrakan ultrasonik telah muncul sebagai
teknik yang berkesan untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran sebatian bioaktif. Biji
guarana yang ditanam di Malaysia mungkin mempunyai profil nutrien yang berbeza
berbanding biji dari kawasan lain disebabkan oleh faktor persekitaran seperti
lokasi, suhu, dan iklim. Kajian ini bertujuan menentukan masa pengekstrakan
menyeluruh untuk kaedah konvensional dan ultrasonik dengan menilai kandungan
fenol keseluruhan dalam biji guarana menggunakan model matematik Peleg dan
Solver. Analisis lain yang turut dijalankan termasuk analisis proksimat,
analisis logam berat (menggunakan kaedah ICP-MS) dan penentuan kandungan kafein
(menggunakan kaedah HPLC). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pengekstrakan
ultrasonik mengurangkan masa pengekstrakan dengan ketara (1.30 ± 0.027 jam)
berbanding pengekstrakan konvensional (35.07 ± 8.036 jam) (p<0.05).
Walau bagaimanapun, masa pengekstrakan yang lebih pendek menyebabkan kadar
tindak balas lebih rendah dan hasil yang berkurangan. Analisis proksimat
mendedahkan bahawa ekstrak biji guarana adalah sumber protein yang rendah
(0.6%) tetapi mengandungi kandungan lembapan yang tinggi (97.9%). Ekstrak ini
juga menunjukkan kandungan abu (<0.1%), lemak (<0.1%), dan karbohidrat
(1.5%) yang rendah. Analisis ICP-MS mengesahkan bahawa kepekatan logam berat
seperti arsenik (As), merkuri (Hg), plumbum (Pb), kadmium (Cd) dan antimoni
(Sb) berada dalam had selamat yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan
Malaysia (KKM) (1 mg/kg untuk As, 2 mg/kg untuk Pb, 0.05 mg/kg untuk Hg, 1
mg/kg untuk Cd dan 1 mg/kg untuk Sb). Secara khusus, pengekstrakan konvensional
menghasilkan 0.456 mg/kg As, 0.046 mg/kg Pb, 0.043 mg/kg Hg, 0.010 mg/kg Cd dan
0.005 mg/kg Sb, manakala pengekstrakan ultrasonik menghasilkan 0.369 mg/kg As,
0.026 mg/kg Pb, 0.022 mg/kg Hg, 0.006 mg/kg Cd dan 0.003 mg/kg Sb. Kandungan
kafein adalah 23% lebih tinggi dalam ekstrak yang diperoleh melalui kaedah
konvensional (4.75 ± 0.001%, w/w) berbanding kaedah ultrasonik (3.65 ± 0.002%, w/w) (p<0.05)
di dalam serbuk kering biji. Walau bagaimanapun, pengekstrakan ultrasonik tetap
memberikan kelebihan kerana gelombang ultrasonik yang mengganggu dinding sel
mempercepatkan proses pengekstrakan sebatian bioaktif daripada biji guarana.
Secara keseluruhannya, biji guarana adalah sumber yang selamat dan kaya dengan
nutrien serta berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan dalam industri makanan bagi
pembangunan produk guarana secara komersial.
Kata kunci: Analisis proksimat; guarana;
kafein; model Peleg; pengekstrakan ultrabunyi; proses perendaman
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: saiful-z@ukm.edu.my
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